Abstract : Vertebrates' immune systems are constantly changing to fend off various invasive infections. The immune responses revolve around a few innate mechanisms, as well as adaptive ones like the production of antibody (Ab) molecules that can bind to every molecular structure of the microbial pathogen (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, and helminthic) and keep up with the variety of mutations in an organism. A molecule or component of a molecule that the immune system may identify as a foreign substance is referred to as an antigen. Thus, the immune system has two challenges that it must overcome. First, by randomly mixing and matching the genetic components of a novel antigen (epitope) generated by a pathogen, B cells create a variety of antibodies that are specific for it. Second, in order to adapt and strongly bind with the antigen's epitope, antibody genes that code for paratopes rapidly change. These newly produced antibodies are therefore more effective at binding with the antigen with high specificity and increased affinity.
